Hysteretic generation of electromagnetic waves



Sept. 22, 1925.

' A. PRESS HY- STERETIC GENERATION 0F ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Filed Feb. 18, 1921 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 Slnmmtoc Sgpt. 22, 1925. 1,554,231

A. PRESS HYSTERETIC GENERATION 0F ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Filed Feb, 18, 1921 a sne' s-sneeg 2 Sept. 22, 1925. 1,554,231

A. PRESS HYSTERETIC GENERATIONOF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Filed Feb. 18, 1921 s Sheets-Shed 5 VOLTAGE WAVE C U RV ES LENG \VULTAGE I'MPREESED UN ANTENNA VOLTAGE AMPLITU D E awveutoz Patented Sept. 22, 1925.

UNITED STATES BRAHAM mass, or wasnrneron, ms'rarc'r or COLUMBIA.

nrsranmc enn'nna'rron or ,nmcrnomncmrrxc wAvrs. I 7

A ncauoa filed February 18, 1921. Serial n. 446,119.

To all whom it may concern:

Be it known that I, ABRAHAM- Press, a citizen of l the United States, residing at Washington, in the District-of Columbia, have invented certain new. and useful Impgovements in Hysteretic Generation of lectromagnetic Waves, of which the following is, a specification.

This invention relates to the production of electromagnetic phenomena and has for one of its principal objects the production of progressive electromagnetic waves by means of electric and magnetic (one or both) hysteresis or their equivalents.

Heretofore in the artof wireless telegraphy it has been assumed that absorption phenomena were things to be avoided if efl'ective prog'essive electromagnetic radiation was to be produced. I have found that for the production of progressive radiation ,of the Poynting type it is absolutely'essen-. tial that hysteretic phenomena be present, or their equivalent. By equivalence, it should be pointed out, is meant, in the case of electric phenomena, the resistance equivalent of a hysteretic loss in the dielectric, of the condenser, action of the antenna. In the case of magnetic hysteretic equivalent is meant the series resistance in the line of an antenna structure representing the hysteresis resistance due to the linking self-induction field about the antenna wire.

On turning to the theory, we find that in i the case of Hertz the founder, so-called, of

progressive electromagnetic wave phenomena, that in his mathematical theory he virtually begged the question by assuming a waveform of the progressive type for the magnetic field component resultantly set up about his oscillator. The expression for the magnetic field was not referredback to the voltage and current distributions of his oscillator, since for this element he used as 7 his unit the electrostatic moment defined by the char e multiplied by the distance separating t e charges. "Strangely enou h, it was well known princi ally through t e labors of Oliver Heaviside that pulses of volta e could be sent out from the chargin end 0 a lon line or cable at the speed of light, but as t e latter clearly indicated, on the supposition of no ohmic losses in the wire, and having only self-induction and capacity present, stationary1 waves would be set u which by no stretc of the imagination con (1 be viewed as rise to electromagnetic {adiation calling for a considerable wattage oss. y

Turning next to the work of Abraham in which the oscillations set up in a free ellipsoid were deduced, again do we find on the actual admission of' Abraham that there is no ground for assuming that a true Poynting loss is to be assumed. This could only i mean that again self-induction and capacity alone, in the ordinary sense of these terms, cannot be looked upon as the seat of the generation of electromagneticradiation. In the December: issue of 1918 of the Proceedings of the I. R. E., applicant has shown that even where the variation in the selfinduction and capacity per unit of length of an antenna varies from point to point, that one has still to contend with stationary wave distributions, and in the Proceedings of the IyRfE. for October, 1920, applicant gave graphs indicating the distributions of current and voltage on the basis of the former mathematical evaluations. In the December issue of 1920, a paper also occurs by the applicant in which it is again shown for the case of a straight wire, at least so far as a progressive wave of electromagnetic radiation is concerned, no true Poynting loss can take place where self-induction and capacity only are present.

Thus it may be said that except for those f cases where a progressive wave is deliberately assumed, as in the case of the so-called deferred potentials of Lorentz, has any mathematical development been suggested which would give any physical insight into the mechanism of radiations, in the true sense of the term. As stated above, none of the later work is better than the original work of Hertz who, however, failed to connect the waves of progression with the elements of voltage and current distributions in the oscillator itself. As a consequence of the above, applicant has come to the conclusion, based upon Maxwells Theory involving Instantaneous Potentials, that it is ab sol'utely impossible to produce electromagnetic radiation b merely having the elements self-inductmn and capacity present without ohmic resistances that might simulate hysteretic losses of either type. Developing this idea further applicant has discovered that by solving the problem of a transmission line for a sinoida-l impressed E. M. F., loaded however with a distributed hysteretic self-induction and hysteretlg capacity, that a progressive wave of E. li/f. F. and current toward the open end of the transmission line is roduced. This is a discover of the first 1m ortance in connection wit radio telegrap ic theory and con- ?equences of this theory are developed beow.

It is easily seen that if the above be true, then there are no reflections to speak of, at least from a radio-telegraphic point of view, because of the open end of a finite transmission line. Heretofore this type of phenomenon wasonly thought possible with transmission lines of infinite length. With the above type of progressive wave, then, knowing that it can be split up into properly coordinated stationary waves, the mathematical work of the applicant, given in the Proceedings of the I. R. E. ;for December, 1920, can be made use of to calculate a true Poynting radiation effect.

Thus, in a paper accepted for publication by the Institution of Electrical Engineers of Great Britain (Wireless Section) applicant has shown how to arrive at the voltage and current distributions in a hysteretically loaded antenna. This system has important consequences for the development ,of. polyphase from single phase. Since lthe two field components of an antenna system radiate out from the antenna itself without giving back their energy to the system, the radiation loss according to the above work corresponds actually to both a magnetic and/or an electric hysteretic loss for the antenna. Thus, as a further discovery. in order to explain electromagnetic radiation, applicant looks upon an antenna as a hysteretically loaded line settin up waves of potential and current towar s the free end of the antenna, which latter waves then acting on the etheric medium, about the system produce in consequence electromagnetic radiations, which of themselves take on the nature of a further hysteretic loading for the antenna. The difference between the true radiation loss and the actual aggregate loss of the antenna then corresponds to the. requisite amount of energy loss which had been found necessary to produce the electromagnetic radiation.

In view of the work indicated above, to wit, the publication in the December issue of the Proceedings of the I. R. E. for 1920,it is necessary to differentiate rather strongly between inductive effects and radiative effects. So far as the intensity of the field components is concerned, the mathematical work in both cases would be substantially the same, indicating that the law of magnetic and electric field intensities is substantially in accord with the findings of'Eccles, Austin and Cohen. The measure, however, of true radiation would be, deducting the ohmic losses or absorptive losses due to e1ectionary waves, the only loss would be an ohmic one due to the resistivity of the wire. Although the field components for high frequencies would still accord with the showing in the above mathematical citation, nevertheless the amount of energy loss would be ridiculously small and only dependent on transformer effects for any transfer of energy from the sending station to the magnetically linked or electrostatically linked receiving station. If no stations were present, no loss to correspond could occur.,

Since, as indicated in a prior publication by applicant, (see Treatment of harmonics in alternating-current theory by means of a harmonic algebra, University of California Engineering Publications, September 1919) for any particular frequency, a magnetic hysteretic effect is equivalent to a resistance in series with the magnetic field producing element, that is self-induction, it is easily seen that in practically all types of high-frequency apparatus, such hysteretic element must be present to at least some degree, however small. It should be clearly borne in mind, however, that in the teaching heretofore, skin-effect resistance and hysteretic resistance efiects were considered to be absolutely deleterious and nonessential so far as radiation was concerned. Thus apart from actual showings in the prior art, it must be considered that prior inventors were aiming by their insistence on non-hysteretic conditions on a simple inductive efi'ect corresponding to the stationary wave indications alone of applicants paper of December, 1920, in the Proceedings of the I. R. E.

Thus it should also be borne in mind that even Hertzs work was by no means conclusive so far as true radiation is concerned. It should be remembered that for maximum effect when trying to illustrate that nodes were present, that the plane of his coil or detector had to be parallel to the axis of his oscillator. This is exactly opposite to the requirements of present-day practice where the plane of the coil is perpendicular to the wave front. The same thing applies, so far as hysteresis is concerned, to the capacity effect. It must be concluded, therefore, that the case is by no means proved and has by no means been proved up to the present, that true radio effects were being obtained, by virtue of the fact that both electric and magnetic hysteretic absorptions were being deliberately suppressed.

If, then, the teaching up to the resent had been such as to lead one only to t e so-called stationary wave effects, it will become much ponents separate more evident how the present work marks a very decided step in the advance oftrue electromagnetic theory and practice. As a feature of the invention, therefore, it must be emphasized that the production of hysteretic conditions alone will sufiice for the predominance of true radio telegraphic conditions over purely inductive ones. The prior art, therefore, applie only in so far as a precise showin in the drawings or embodimentwould inevitably lead one to produce more or less true radiative phenomena.

As a consequence of the above teaching and showing I have incorporated herewith certain embodiments of my invention which necessarily follow from a true physical grasp of the refiiirer'nents for radiative electromagnetic p enomena as contradistinguished from stationary wave electromagnetic phenomena, thelatter theory of which has been gone into b the writer in the paper mentioned above. t is still true, however, that every progressive wave can be split up into two stationary waves and therefore the above type of analysis can be applied to suit, once the true facts are clearly grasped In order to emphasize the significance of the above di'scovery, applicant has deemed.

it advisable to give a further mathematical development substantiating the above conclusions. In an earlier disclosure, Serial Number 427,556, filed December 1, 1920, on the basis of likening radiation to hysteresis losses magnetically and electrically the following formulee were derived for an antenna in the z direction; viz.

e =v cosh gut 2) sin pt- (1) 'Here i p by virtue of (1) that In the above forinula we have where both L and Q are complexes ofthe form for a straight wire antenna giving quency values of inductivit and ca acit Thus it follows y 4 p and leads to the form where the a and 1) values are made to depend upon the ns. It should thus follow e=v [c sh w. in W-cos pt] (2) and the voltage amplitude function is obtained by squarin the sin pt and cos pt comly and then taking the square root. Thus we have as a function of z and h only Indeed it will now be shown that the form (2) actually leads to a progressive wave term plus a stationary wave term; both im-.

It is this fact, as stated ordinate things that a true progressive wave of E. M. F. is generated in the antenna so that when the wave is impressed on the ether progressive radio waves are a result. From this point of view, without an initial hysteresis loss, electric, magnetic or both, no Poynting radiation can take place. Otherwise, only stationary waves will result as Abraham s work and the writers clearly indicate.

Progressi/ve wa ve potentiaZ.To bring out the progressive wave feature we note cosh u=sinh u +e so that rewriting (2) we have The progressive wave of E. M. F. or e is therefore whereas the stationary wave now becomes e ='v.,-e sin pt.

It is the voltage e, the progressive wave Poynting radiation proper below. If such progressive wave is not preradiation, strictly speaking, This is an important disup new and improved that progressive electric be generated by an antenna, coil, or even a succession of condensers in parallel. The necessary and sufiicient condition is that h steresis be present or its equivalent. lnci entally it may be noted that the progressive wave of potential set up is seen to be at the expense of the stationary wave of potential. In the graph Fig. 18, showing the manner in which the wave of potential progresses an effective voltage distribution curve is also given, bearing out the Geissler tube experiments of Braun (and even Chant) that practically throughout the whole length of the antenna the voltage amplitude is substantlally a constant.

existent, then no can take place. covery and opens methods of assuring and/or magnetic waves can J-sin Bz=cos Bz J-sinh and therefore as with time sinoids and J-J-sinh az-sin Bz=cosh az-cos B2.

2) -sin Current wwve derivation-Before going further it will be of interest to determine the wave of current distribution along the antenna since in polyphase transformation from a single phase the coupling may be magnetic. To ease the mathematical work we shall define an operator J, analogous to the difl'erentiative operator of Oliver Heaviside which when acting on a hyperbolic function whether combined with a circular function or not transforms the hyperbolic part only (partial differentiation) according to the following method 1 a; 2-. o I J a dz Again, when dealing with sinoidal operands such as the sinoidal parts of hyperbolic sinoids, and other than time operands we agree to define the operator J as follows:

etc.

With the above two operators J and J it is thus possible to consi erably condense the formula for voltage by writing equivalently 21ra(hz) 'smpt (3) in the following an algebraized evaluation of 2, will help In so far as the current along the coil Or considerably. Thus with a hyperbolic sinoid antenna wire depends on From an operational standpoint, therefore, the algebraization desired is we have on extending the ideas of Oliver Heaviside Where it should be understood that M acting on the operand which is a hyperbolic sinoid, gives in other words, J only operates to change The above will enable the current methe hyperbolic function whereas J in a tion to be determined, especially for. the h r olic sinoid would only 0 rate to case of galvanic efiect in wire antennas, for 10 c ange the sinoidal art and not t e hyperwe have", 5 bolic part. To e ect the double change simultaneously would require the operator JJ, as indicated. 1

I 6 X201 1- 1 I M Q I z, g); (MHJ) 21 U415 16 by virtue of 1a). To simplify the denomiit is seen that nator, bJ+ can be conjugated as follows 1 1 N am f h V't I W W W m :iiigii we f 20 However, because [\2 hi J 11" =+1; J='--1 21-). 21' -v- L161 6 1'- t "Vs:-a#s- -W-\ s%%% -w so On rewriting we have and thus it now becomes necessary to rethe o rator JJ+j occurring in the funcduce the operator when combined with tion 3). We have To bring out the progressive and staform two functions and 0,. Thus we tiona wave characteristics the (a-i-bn.) find I and (rm-Z2) terms can be combined to flz'ltfl I ()i-( a) Binh w' n[ +1 hb(l-:) 01-0-1115) a -sin r .5m a u The above terms when added lead to a 'regression 'sultant current wave component of procombined with a stationary wave of current as follows: v

7 It thus appgars that there is a difference of phase q) fore the progressive current wave and the progressive voltage wave given by v.

4 2:9, w tan a+bm Thus by means of inductive action with respect to antenna it is possible to excite a second or a third antenna with any desired time phase difference relative to the original antenna from a single phase source. This constitutes a considerable improvement over the Scott connection. In the matter of radiation, by angularly arranging spatially two antennas, for example, in the simplest case, with regard to an undesired rece1ving station, the elimination of jamming due to elliptically polarized waves would only be possible by means of a similarly arranged or constructed antenna system. The de-- V0 -v a (am-bye Watt consumption of radiating antenna.-To obtain the instantaneous Wattage it is necessary to take the time operator components in such a manner that jr. 1 V01 '0 i s W Adding terms with like prefactors we have I However, with hyperbolic functions subscript refers to a doubled where the Similarly for circular functions argument.

Watts Z W It is the above wattage less the true radiation losses, to be gone into below, that rep- -sin any choiceof position along theate-a The above wave components can be still further simplified, for we have ponent of current thephase difference be- V tween such wave and the stationary voltage wave is. given by the relation It should be remembered also that there is in reality .a stationary wave component of current 2' in phase with such stationary wave of E. M. F., to wit:

-sin pt.

j =+1 in accordance with the Heaviside- Gibbs activity formula for two vectors 0 and 2'. 'Then integratin over a complete cycle the average value 18 one-half so that for one term The expression for the watt distribution, therefore, reduces to the following form (as a function of the distance 2 along the antenna) I I z) (an; b) sin g antenna excitaresents the requirement for Obviously the tion in a Poynting sense.

That is it follows hysteretic characteristicsa and n should be so coordinated that maximum radiative efiiciency is obtained.

stresses produced in the circumambient ether. A suitable solution was found to be where A was chosen so as to give D,.-D for r-a where al is the efiecti've radius of the an-.

tenna wire, parallel s aced. antenna wires, or accil; For calfiulatlori of eifectigi1 radii (1 see pa er app icant on tenna onstants in La liev. Gn. dElec, April 24, 1920.

To determine D the elemental charge dQ was investigated. Thus in electrostatic measure whereas in magnetic measure with 6 taken llkewise we have and p.=1 for the ether.

In the above for a WIIGWG have 4.6 logm(a) with a as the effective radius of the antenna, wire or coil. Thus for a we have 5 dz 4.6 log t 1 1 o 21rd; lw

so that, at least over the rangeconsidered, and neglecting end effects, it follows It isin the above voltage function that we have to remember A is a function of d/dz.

I Ir -K;(Ar)},...{W 2w and e is the above impressed function of z and t.

The above voltage e impressed on the antenna when written in condensed notation was shown to be, viz:

This evaluation needs to be introduced in the D function. Since we have" seen Again, for the time function Where we also have the formula becauset z-H. Thus it follows;

A=% a 1-b-(ABJ) n in ('r) W 21ra I For the exponential terms we now see, writing IW qF-l-b 21NBJ A ment of the K Bessels (see page 530 l. c.) the first term need only be taken if 'r is large enough, hence it follows (JJ+7') -sinh -sin pt.

with the operator J /-1 exponentially Thus for D we have the following forthat needed to be algebraized by means of mula f De Moivres theorem.

nee

To simplify the above function let 27rNB)(\1 0 t sin 21rNBT a then it is found that the following operative function needs reduction O cos s 27rNBir-a) -sin Pt -sinpt {cosh 214'?) Z) Sin 21mg: z) sin 21rNB G 1=[cos cosh zqruirz) cos i f sin 'nt +sinh 27f], (2&2) sin f cos pin 21ra(h 2) It is important to oint out the latter formula can be trans ormed to prove, under the conditions that a traveling wave of voltage is set up hysteretically, in an antenna, coil or the like, that actual electromagnetic -1 sin 21rNB(r-a )-sin m Now in terms of the divergent develop- 5 However,-by splitting .up the cosh function in terms of a sinh function we find Similarly si pt.

r {r 0 ramp.

Thus adding the two components we have finally I 9 ..4i. b) in m The above exhibits clearly a radiant wave in the 2 as well as the r directions compounded with a stationary wave distribution which is likewise a function of z and r as well as of t. That radiation normal to the antenna should take place is particularly significant.

Direction of wave front-So far as the progressive wave is concerned, we note for z=othat D is a maximum. For z=h the D is zero. The above would indicate an arrangement of abutting antennas whether conductively connected at the free ends or not and so inclined as to give focal'or plane wave effects. 1 Throughout the discusslon it metry about the axis of z we have the relation a study of the operator 2, for exponential- 30 sinoidal functions is therefore in order. It should be pointed out, however, that in the cases in practice where abutting antennas (T-antennas) are employed that the present analysis obtains since such a system can be 85 represented e%uivalently by two single-arm antennas in a utting relationship above the earth and imaged with respect to the earth below 'by two other antennas sending out waves in precisel the same manner as the antenna system a ove. Naturally the above analysis applies equally well to antenna sys tems below the ground as well as above it.

We have l-sin pt.

a- -go-m- Oonsidering now the hyperbolic sinoid as operand we have 1O it 1,554,231

Operating therefore on the expression in D we have The above indicates that so far as the D component of radiation. The wave front of component is concerned the Poynting effect the progressive wave of H is seen, as stated V above, to have substantially the same type 10 m for the of inclination with regard to the z axis.

Progressive wave of axial electric dissinh.sin ex ression in H. The cosh.cos term however will be seen to play a considerable giif regard to the latter We part in the derivation (see below) of the D 15 (see 1. c. page 527). Transposing in the Considering the separate elements, then with 20 above difierential equation we depends upon a prefactor regard to the progressive terms of D }I+ l in 1),, as a function of r we can write for H r of the former the following (2 a I I I i0 6 2 However, in terms of the time operator i we can equivalently write 25 i lo d M l Introducing the latter in the above gives Taking, therefore, the complete progressive Y wave component or D we have whereas for l we have the following:

Thus is seen that the progressive wave portion of H compounds therewith to form a Poynting radiation efiect.

Turning now to the stationary wave portion D we have which as a function of r can for convenience be writte in the following form H y-( 1 i sin (C'r+D')-oos pt It is therefore seen that we have 1 1 (yd- 1 HII{C'JB'+2 T}HI from which latter the value D is to be obtained.

So far as the galvanic effects are concerned in straight wire antennas these can be obtained in an analogous manner and in so far as distributed capacity allows a cylindrical sheet of current to pass axially even in the case of a coil antenna these .efi'ects are certainly present and important. In

In forming a the Poynting factor for the radial product of the radiation vector W we if -sinb. m

need only consider the part H which is in time phase with D,,,. That is a, a 'v flit-El 21rb(hz) ga rrg 21rNB(ra E u-( 6 a-smh- 'sm{pt+ The instantaneous watts per unit of area w, are therefore given by zma-apzwNBe-agl x The average value of the square of a sine fimction over a complete period is one-half and thus A Qsmh The aggregate watts can be obtained by integrating over the surface at for example,

and then we have 1 a o w (average) "5";m'm 0' smh' The total watts W will be given by first multiplying by 2am, and then integrating from 2:0 to 2:12,. That is we have gressive component of displacement it was which results in the expression It is the above formula that needs to be so coordinated with-regard to n and n that it remain a maximum, for we have With regard to efficiency of radial radiatotal watt consumption W We have theretion m it is thus necessary only to consider fore 5 the ratio of the above function W to the w 413th Shh 9 '=a-a' a I I A sinceit cannot contribute any energy efiect. Thus for the axial instantaneous watts per unit of area we have the expression that we can neglect sinpt.oospt terms when integrating over a complete cycle we have Efiicz'enoy of axial component of Peg ntz'ng energy fl0w.Turning to the axial proshown above that the in-phase component of 20 time Poynting effect the out of phase com- NA 1 T 1S negligible Again because the average value for the where vza we have for the total energy 30 square ofa sinoidal time function is onelost, on integrating over the entire surface half, on multiplying by 21m for the case of the antenna However, for the integral it necessarily follows ponent in time 25 Fig. 1 illustrates a wireless telegraphic system in which lumped hysteretic capacities ig. 2 illustrates a wireless telegraphic,

system in which lumped hysteretic inductances are distributed along an antenna structure to simulate uniformly distributed hysteretic self-induction effects. In this case also the earth itself may or" may not provide the required capacitative hyste'retic resistance.

Fig. 3 corres onds to a combination of the efi'ects of ig. 1 combined with those in Fig. 2. Thus the antenna wire proper may be of iron wire or the like, whereas the lumped capacities to 'round may be immersed in a dielectric ysteresis producing oil. Such hysteretic capacitances are diagrammatically represented by sloped parallels.

4 corresponds to a diagrammatic showing of a coil antenna arranged to have electrostatic hysteresis generated therein. This latter may be obtained by winding the coil upon a wooden drum or the like or providing the proper kind of covering for the wire. The coil itself may likewise be immersed in a hysteresis producing oil, as indicated by dotted lines.

Fig. 5 represents a diagrammatic show ing of a coil antenna fed from the central portion of the coil and thus capable of send- 1n out waves from both branches.

Fig. 6 represents a further modification of the showing in Fi 5 with a view to proto a modification o The shell of the aeroplane, indicated in dotducing focusing or directive efi'ects from the two branches illustrated in Figures 5 or 6.

Fi 7 represents a further modification in w ich a plurality of branches similar to those in Fig. 6 are provided in order to produce acone-shaped' antenna in order to intensify the directive efiects'of the radiations. Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic showing of a conically arranged set of substantially horizontal antenna wires similar in effect to Fig. 7 intended to produce a directive efl'ect by virtue of the inclination of the wave front produced from the separate antenna wires.

Fig. 9 illustrates a coil antenna system such as might be employed either on an aeroplane or on the ound. It corresponds the Hertzian doublet.

ted lines, would correspond to ground in the latters experiments.

Fig..10 illustrates a modification of Fig. 9

with inclined antenna coils.

Fig. 11 illustrates diagrammatically a method of producing elli tically (or circularly) polarized waves. e coupling shown is magnetic, but in reality can be to quite a degree capacitied because of the spacing of the one coupling coil with respect to the other. This would not be the case if a conductive coupling was used in this instance.

Fig. 12 is a modification of Fig. 5 applicable also for aeroplane reception where the trailing wire replaces the ground connectlon to a greater or less degree.

Fig. 13 is a modification of Fig. 6 with,

however, the excitation not from the center outwards, but contrariwise with the free ends nearer together. 7

Fig. 14 is an extension of Fig. 6 to antennas having a plurality of coils, and in this sense is a modification of Fig. 8.

Fig. '15 illustrates a modification of an antenna system with a complex reactance load serving as a terminal apparatus.

Fig. 16 is illustrative of a trailing coil antenna attached by'means of a lead wire of any desired spacing length to an aeroplane.

Fig. 17 is similar to Fig. 16 but as applied to submerged submarine work. In both cases the generator per se can be attached externally or internally if desired.

Fig. 18 represents a graph setting forth not only the manner in which potential nodes progressively travel along an antenna, but gives an idea of how the voltage amplitude is maintained along an antenna structure.

It should be stated that in the showing of Figures 6, 7 and 8 the arrangement of antenna coils or wires can be such as to direct the radiation adjustably inany direction desired very much as one employs a hand searchlight on an automobile.

Whereas the coil antennae indicated in Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 work substantially from an enectrostatie wave component, the figures depending upon the showing of substantially straight wires really operate from both a magnetic point of view and an electrostatic one.

In Figure 1 I have provided variable resistance elements 1 in series with capacity elements 2 to simulate the effect of hysteretic capacitances 3, which latter can be obtained by immersing non-hysteretic capacitances-in oil or the like. Thus equivalently paper condensers canbe employed for example. In fact, any dielectric havin a hysteretic characteristic can be employe such as bakelite, condensite, etc. I

In Figure 1 the line wire 4 may be either of magnetic material or not, dependin u on the amount of magnetic hysteresis desire or skin efiect produced. Thus in Figure 2, also, I have deliberately introduced lumped resistances 5 and lumped inductances 6 into the antenna wire in order to increase the hysteretic effect. In Figure 2, however, it

will be'seen that reliance is wholly made toto themetal framework ductances 6 will invariably have a certain amount of distributive capacit effect which latter may introduce dielectric ysteresis, depending upon the material upon which the coils are wound or the insulation between terms that may be provided.

In Figure 3 the line wire 4' may be made up of magnetic material, such as iron wlre, whereas the capacitances to earth may be made up of lumped condensances immersed in oil or the like, the dielectric hysteresis of which can be adjustably regulated by varying the proportion of the two oil ingredients one of which may be practically free from hysteresis whereas the other may be very susceptible thereto. This latter method of mixing of oils offers an alternative for adjusting the requisite amounts of hysteretic condensances to be distributed along the antenna structure. It should be borne in mind that tuning in the ordinary sense is not thought of, but rather such an amount of condensance adjustment is to be resorted to as will give the best voltage distribution wave along the antenna which by its traveling effect along the antenna thereby produces progressive waves into the ether.

In Figure 4 I have continued the coil method indicated in part in Figure 2 still further. Thus Fi ure 4 allows of a considerable shortening o the antenna structure for a given wave length over that either of Figure 2 or of Figure 1. This has manifest advantages, for it would seem that it is no longer to be considered necessary to extend antenna wires for long wave len hs over miles of territory. The essential c aracteristic of the system indicated in Figure 4 is that the coil antenna 7, which may be either vertical or horizontal, preferably the latter because of more even capacitance distribution, necessarily has a magnetic or electric hysteretic characteristic, or both. The magnification of hysteretic quality'can be obtained by means of the many indications of method illustrated above.

In Figures 5 and 6 the capacity effect of the coil antennas is principally with respect to ground, although in Figures 9 and 10 I have indicated modifications in which the coil antennas 7 are excited from the opposite ends f a highifrequency voltage producing source 8; such source in every in-' stance may be either of the impulse type or continuous wave type or spark type, well known to the art. In conformity with all the figures of the drawing in connection with aircraft work, the earth would be simulated by the metallic frame of the aircraft body in accordance with the showing of Figures 4 to 7, or the aircraft body may constitute a neutral with respect to the coil antenna 7 illustrated in Figures 9 and 10.

Turning to the case of Figure 7 in view of the showing with respect to inclined wave fronts of the electrostatic waves sent out,-it should follow that with a proper inclination of the several coils illustrated to form a cone-like structure that a magnified effect could be produced in a direction parallel to the axis of the conically arranged antennas. This principle should apply equally well to Figure 8, w erein the a ex of the cone need not necessarily be hig er than the mean hei ht of the cone base.

ther embodiments necessarily flow from the mathematical development indicated herewith, for it should be clear that because there is an actual difference in phase between the voltage wave sent out with respect to the current wave produced that it should be possible to provide a type of circular or elliptical electromagnetic radiation by providing a transformer coil 9 with respect to the antenna coil 7' so as to produce in the coil arm 10 or 10 voltage waves out of time phase with the impressed voltage wave on the antenna coil 7' and angular spac displacement of any desired degree. Thus, in Figure 12 I have indicated an elliptical coil receptor 11, 11', having an adjustable arm 12 to a detector set 13 which may be connected to ground or unipolarly connected to the coil receptor or not. The coupling between the detector set 13 and the receptor coil 11 may be either conductive as indicated in Figure 12, or inductive (electric or magnetic) as would follow from the description of Figure 11.

In Figures 13 and 14 I have disclosed methods of arranging inclined antennas so that the free ends 14 are nearer together than the ends 15 and 15' connected to the source of E. M. F. 16. Two possibilities present themselves. Thus the free ends 1414' may be directed away from the generator 16 or toward the same. The method of Figures 13 and 14 has its advantages even when the free ends are united together to form a long coil, or series of coils short-circuited at the ends.

In Figure 15 I have shown an arrangement wherein a complex reactance (in this case a capacitance) load is added to the free end of the antenna. This idea can be incorplorated in the other showings made herewit In Figures16 and 17 provision is made for employing the framework or shell of the aeroplane submarine or the like as a balance for the antenna coil which can be spaced as far as desirable from the framework or shell. The leader wire 4" can be said'to act as a substantially non-radiating terminal reactance so far as the coil antenna proper 7" or 7'?" is concerned. This method of connection is seen to be alternative to that disclosed in Figures 9 and 10, for example, when the shell or frame is neutral to the type f Hertzian doublet.

, velope hysteretic efiects are arranged to be produced preferably in a regularly distributed manner, but if need be by means of lumped inductances and capacitances, thereby creat ing travelin wave efl'ects whether of current or vo tage, so that these traveling waves of voltage or current, or both, ma set up in the ether or other medium bot electromagnetic waves of the Poynting t pe and non-radiative stationary type so t at intelligence may be transmitted at a distant point according to a law substantially that of Eccles or Austin-Cohen. Thus it is quite conceivable that in certain cases stationary wave efiects would be desired as against radiated eifects.

As an instance in which stationary wave effects devoid of radiation are extremely desirable1 the carrier-wave Morse system dein George 0'. quier, U. S. A., is a case in.

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articular by Major General point. As indicated above, the radiation wave is at the expense of the stationary wave so that in order to reduce the radiation to a minimum it is necessary to suppress as far as possible both the radial and axial progressive wave components set up by hysteresis efi'ects. As a further method of sup ression of hysteretic characteristic, the sur ace material of the conductors should be as far as possible of highly resistant mate- 4 Having described the nature of my invention, what I claim is:

A method of regulating the hysteretic capacitive quality of a coil antenna system comprising the step of immersin the antenna in an adjusted mixture of 0118 having hysteretic and purely dielectric affecting qualities.

In' testimony whereof. I aflix my signature.

- ABRAHAM PRESS. 

